The model and algorithm of distributing cooperation profits among operators of urban rail transit under PPP pattern

The financing channels, investors and operators of urban rail transit are becoming more and more diversified, and public private partnership pattern has been increasingly suggested in financing and investment field of urban rail transit in China. The diversification of investors of urban rail transit will no doubt lead to the diversification of operators of urban rail transit network. To legitimately distribute the cooperation profits among operators, a model is developed based on passenger’s path choice behavior by considering travel period, travel time, transfer convenience and the comprehensive proportion of different service types provided by operators. In accordance with the features of urban rail transit network and origin-destination (OD) pairs of transferring among lines of different operators, a scheme of improved rail transit network is proposed. On the basis of the algorithm of breadth-first search and depth-first search, an algorithm of searching effective paths based on backtracking and traversing along the shortest path is established by considering the factor of transfer. Taking the example of Shenzhen’s rail transit network, three typical OD pairs are selected to measure and calculate, compare and analyze by six different conditions. The result shows that travel period, travel time, transfer convenience, and service types provided by operators exert great influence on the distribution of cooperation profits. Therefore, it is advisable to comprehensively consider all of these factors to improve the accuracy of cooperation profits distribution. Moreover, the proposed algorithm can search effective paths efficiently.     

Statures in Han populations of China

<正>Dear Editor,Shortly after initiating the"Physical Anthropological Research on Han Chinese"research project,we applied uniform sampling methods as well as methods and instruments of measurement to obtain a complete set of measurements of physical anthropological indicators among Han populations across China.Among these measurements,body stature was a key indicator.Currently,there should be reliable     

Long-Term GABA Treatment Elicits Supersensitivity of Quisqualate-Preferring Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor in Cultured Rat Cerebellar Neurons

Abstract: In primary cultures of rat cerebellar granule neurons, GABA treatment (50 μ M , 7 days) caused a withdrawal supersensitivity selective for the metabotropic glutamate receptors that mainly prefer l -glutamate, quisqua- late and, to a lesser extent, kainate. The withdrawal supersensitivity was absent when 10 μ M SR-95531 was coadministered with GABA during the treatment period, an event that suggests the GABA_A receptors primarily produced the GABA treatment effect. This was supported further by the inability of baclofen treatment to mimic completely the treatment effect of GABA. Withdrawal from 7 days of baclofen treatment only produced a slight increase in the metabotropic effect of l -glutamate and carbachol. In addition, in untreated neurons, baclofen had no acute effect, whereas GABA inhibited the effect of l -glutamate and carbachol. The inhibitory effect of GABA was reversed by SR-95531 and was absent in neurons treated with GABA. These observations suggest the involvement of GABA_A receptors and the apparent development of tolerance to GABA, respectively. Also, dependence on GABA may have occurred; the metabotropic effects of glutamate, kainate, and quisqualate were not altered in neurons maintained with GABA treatment.     

The Effects of Severe Hypobaric Hypoxia and Inhibition of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 (HIF-1) on Biomarkers of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rats

Biophysics - Abstract—The goal of the present study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms that underlie heart and skeletal muscle damage in male Wistar rats weighing 200–250 g in...